Botox® is a protease from the bacterium clostridium botulinum. low concentrations of this toxin are commonly used to eliminate wrinkles, because it prevents the secretion of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter), thus blocking nerve impulses to muscles underneath.
rickman et al. (2004; jbc 279: 644) investigated whether the botulinum toxin had any direct effects on the snares involved in release of acetylcholine. the t-snare, snap-25, forms a dimer with another t-snare (syntaxin, labeled syx) that then binds to the v-snare to allow vesicle fusion. in all cases the scale bar shown is 5 μm.

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Many farmers prefer cattle without horns because it is safer for their herds. the allele for no horns (n) is dominant to the allele for the presence of horns (n). a farmer mates a male with horns to a heterozygous female without horns. what is the chance that the offspring will have horns?

Hormones are chemical molecules produced by endocrine glands. one such endocrine gland is the thyroid gland, which synthesizes the thyroid hormone, which in turn affects the heart muscles. which two statements describe the probable reason for the function of the hormone? the cells in the heart have specific receptors that allow for the intake of hormones. the heart and the endocrine glands have the exact same types of cells. all cells make the same types of hormones. thyroid hormones show their effect on the heart by means of specialized cells. thyroid cells and cardiac cells have different dna.