What are some similarities between the structure of the dna and the ladder

DNA is often compared to a ladder becaause of its structure. The nucleotides form hydrogen bonds in a certain sequence, forming a "rung" of the ladder. The backbones of DNA are formed by alternating phosphates and  sugar residues. Each nucleotide side attatches to 1 of the 2 backbones, creating a ladder shape.

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many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.