How is the outgroup determined in a cladogram?

It is usually the first branch of the cladogram

Explanation:

Since outgroup is group of organisms that do not share characteristic with other groups (or share it a little), this means that this group is at least related group with other in cladogram.

Cladistic classification is classification in which organisms are put in group based on their shared characteristics and the most recent common ancestor. So, organisms of the same group are are closely related. Cladistic analysis are methods for the estimation of relationships among organisms and it includes the use of data on the traits of those organisms. The result of cladistic analysis is a diagram-tree which is called cladogram. Cladogram represents relations among organisms.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.