Trace the path of filtrate and urine from the glomerulus to the external urethral opening

Nephron-- Collecting Tubule-Collecting Duct- Papillary duct- minor Calyx- Major Calyx- Renal Pelvis- Ureters- Bladder- Urethra

Explanation:

Urine is formed in nephron, basic unit of kidneys, through the process of filtration in glomerulus. Nephrons are connected with the collecting duct system of the kidney  to a minor calyx. The collecting duct system consists of  connecting tubule

, medullary collecting duct  and papillary duct. The whole  collecting duct system has a role in reabsorption and excretion.

Papillary ducts open at minor calyx, later in major calyx. Calyces open in pelvis , which is located inside hilum of kidney. Ureters  travel out of kidney through hilum and pour urine into the urinary bladder. Urethra is the outlet that travels from bladder and when the bladder is ful  sphincters control urethral opening to void urine outside the body.

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!