which of the following is not a characteristic of life?
1) the ability to resign to the environment or stimuli
2) the ability to move
3) the ability to reproduce
4) the ability to obtain and use energy

I would say 1 but you might want to make sure someone else is 100% sure :)

they each offer a fresh glut of resources to the organisms that can arrive and exploit them. as individuals and new species continue to appear, they actively and passively alter the environment. competition for shared resources increases, local abiotic and biotic conditions shift, and the relative abundances of species change accordingly. the process is called ecological succession, and it is one of the earliest and most well-known concepts in ecology.

b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere   is the answer most likely