What is one event that marks the end of the mesozoic era?
a. origin of birds
b. origin of mammals
c. extinction of dinosaurs
d. extinction of angiosperms

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

In pea plants, yellow seed color (y) is dominant and green seed color (y) is recessive. based on the punnett squares, what are the chances that the offspring in the second generation will have green seeds? first generation y y y yy yy y yy yy second generation y y y yy yy y yy yy there is a % chance that the offspring will have green seeds.

Energy stored in the bonds that hold together the atoms and molecules of all substances is called a. kinetic energy. b. electrical energy. c. mechanical energy. d. chemical energy.