All of the following are generally used in vaccines except

a. antibodies.
b. parts of bacterial cells.
c. live, attenuated bacteria.
d. toxoids.
e. inactivated viruses.

All the following are usually used in vaccines except ANTIBODIES.

Vaccine refers to a substance that is used to stimulate the production of antibodies in living organisms. Causative agents of diseases are the raw materials that are normally used to manufacture vaccines. Vaccines provide immunity against different kind of diseases. Production of vaccines involves many stages; virus vaccines are usually generated from primary or continuous cell lines while for bacteria vaccines the bacteria are usually grown in bioreactors. Different types of materials are used in vaccine production, these include: inactivated viruses, toxoids, parts of bacterial cells, attenuated bacteria (Live), etc.