Elements like barium located toward thr bottom of a group have a lower attraction for their valence electrons because they have a

Barium has a lower attraction for their valence electrons because there are a large number of electrons between the valence electrons and nucleus. And these electron cause great repulsion.

Explanation:

Barium is an alkaline earth metal and it's atomic number is 56 with electronic configuration [tex]1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{6}6s^{2}.

This results in more number of shells in a barium atom. Hence, valence shell moves far away from the nucleus due to this there is very less attraction between the valence electrons and nucleus of Ba atom.

Thus, we can conclude that elements like barium located toward the bottom of a group have a lower attraction for their valence electrons because they have greater atomic mass.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.