In addition to hemolysis, phospholipase a2 envenomation causes inflammation and pain. what is one mechanism?

Phospholipases A2 are found in most mammalian tissues as well as in venoms of insects and snakes. These contain large amounts of melittin, a peptide of 26 amino acid residues that acts as an activator of phospholipases A2.

When the fatty acid released from the 2-position of glycerol is arachidonic acid, the metabolism thereof by cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase lead to eicosanoids, among which prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are mediators of inflammation. This is one of the reasons for the violent inflammatory reactions that accompany snake bites and insect bites. Some isoforms of phospholipases A2 could promote the genesis of atheroma, others would be protective.

b is the correct answer

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!