To treat a callus, you decide to shave off some of the excess epidermis. while doing this, you notice that there is no pain or bleeding. why wouldn't it cause pain to remove onky the superficial part of the epidermis? why wouldn't it bleed?

Callus refers to a hyper-keratinized skin. The formation of callus occurs at the time of hyperkeratinization of the epidermal dead cell. It is stretum carniosum epidermis layer and comprises dead cells, so it does not comprise sensory receptors and blood vessels.  

Due to this reason, there is no bleeding and pain in callus when one shave it off. It is usually developed due to pressure, friction, or other chemical, or physical irritation on the epidermal layer.  

there really is life in the deepest part

that is wrong, its not thymus.