Dna is organized into "chunks" that will eventually allow the organism to make proteins. which theory explains this?

The answer is; central dogma

This framework/theory explains how DNA is transformed into a protein that makes up the organism.  The processes involved in central dogma are transcription and translation. In transcription, the genetic  information on DNA is transformed into messenger RNA. Then translation process converts the information on the mRNA into a protein.

b. the carbon cycle ensures living things have a source of hydrogen