Which of these is a disadvantage of multicellular organisms?

Multi cellular organisms are composed of many cells whereas unicellular organisms are composed of single cell. Multicellularity is indeed a progressive attribute of evolution where cells form tissue which forms organ and then organ system and finally an organism. Both multi cellular and unicellular organisms has advantages and disadvantages of their own. One of the main disadvantage of multi cellular organisms is that due to such a complex composition and functioning they require a large amount of energy for their maintenance and survival. Different organs and system require a huge amount of energy when it comes to comparison with unicellular organisms. A large amount of energy is also wasted in all these life processes. Though multi cellular organisms can survive in a variety of environmental conditions but then also their survival is difficult than any unicellular organism.

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure

multiple allele inheritance is traits controlled by more than 2 alleles (ex: pigeons having 3 alleles of one gene govern their feather color).   so the answer is a.