What are the ion channels associated with cardiac muscle cells? check all that apply?

Answer and explanation;

The 4 main types of ion channels associated with cardiac muscle include;

- leaky Na+ channels

- voltage sensitive K+ channels (varying types)

- Ca2+ T type (transient or fast channels)

- Ca2+ L type (long or slow channels)

Ion channels help maintain ionic concentration gradients and charge differentials between the inside and outside of the cardiomyocytes. They are only permeable to a single type of ion based on their physical configuration.

-Specific channels open and close as the transmembrane potential (TMP) changes during cell depolarization and repolarization, allowing the passage of different ions at different times.

-Some ion channels (importantly, fast Na+ channels) are configured to close a fraction of a second after opening; they cannot be opened again until the TMP is back to resting levels, thereby preventing further excessive influx.