Penicillin and related drugs act on the cell nucleus and are especially useful in controlling gram-negative viruses the cell nucleus and are especially useful in controlling gram-positive viruses the cell wall and are especially useful in controlling gram-negative bacteria the cell wall and are especially useful in controlling gram-positive bacteria

the cell wall and are especially useful in controlling gram-positive bacteria

Penicillin is a group of drug/antibiotic that works by inhibiting the formation of cross-link of the peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a protein that commonly found in bacteria cell wall, but it was much thicker in gram-positive bacteria. Since the drug disrupt the production of material that responsible for cell wall, it will weaken the membrane and induce lysis.

carbohydrates: (starches and sugars) composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids: (fats, oils, and waxes) are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

nucleic acids: contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. they are polymers of nucleotides. a nucleotide has three parts, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate     (-po⬇️4) group, and a nitrogenous base.

proteins: made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they are polymers of amino acids.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.