A. j. is a 16-year-old who has just started soccer practice at school. she complains of increased shortness of breath with exercise, and describes having a hard time catching her breath when she runs, which she does five to six times a week. she does not wake up at night with a cough or shortness of breath, and has no problems at any other time except in the spring when the trees start to blossom. the soccer coach advised a. j.'s mother to seek health care because a. j. had a very difficult time breathing at practice that afternoon. a. j. also has a history of eczema and seasonal allergies for which she takes an over-the counter antihistamine when symptoms get severe.

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interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle