What do aerobic and anaerobic exercises have in common?

Aerobic exercise refers to an activity that initiates the heart rate and breathing to enhance but not much to an extent that one cannot sustain the activity for more than certain minutes. It simply means exercise with oxygen.

On the other hand, anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen. It is the kind of exercise where one gets out of breath in just a few minutes, like when one lifts weights for bettering strength, when one climb a long flight of stairs, or when one sprints.

The common thing between both these forms of exercises is that they both promote physical endurance.

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

d. organisms have cells with different shapes and functions.