Affects the measurement in a constant way and represents stable factors that affect the observed score in the same way each time the measurement is made.

Which pair of sentences is describing the same velocity? a. a car is parked. a car is moving in circles. b. a bus drives 40 miles per hour north. a truck drives 50 miles per hour north. c. a boy walks east at 6 kilometers per hour. a girl walks west at the same speed as the boy. d. valerie rides her bike south at 8 kilometers per hour. owen jogs south at 8 kilometers per hour.