Which of the following is characteristic of new wave films a) collaborative effort b) spontaneous energy and unsteady camera work c) an individual approach to filmmaking

Correct  an individual approach to filmmaking.

"New Wave" was a French movement in filmmaking in the 1950s and 1960s.  French director/producer/writer/actor François Truffaut expressed the spirit of the movement with an essay he wrote in 1953, "A Certain Tendency of the French Cinema."  In that essay, Truffaut criticized the lack of risk and originality seen in French films, which had a habit of taking mainstream works of literature and turning them into ordinary sorts of films.  "New Wave" filmmakers pursued their own directions, in more of an art house style of cinema.  They experimented with editing and style in ways that hadn't been seen before.

modernism is a 20th century movement