Ais a section of a song where variety occurs, because of some contrasting aspect of melody, harmony, rhythm, or instrumentation.

modernism is a 20th century movement

c, d, e, f, g, a, b, and c.

sometimes western music will also use solfege. the names of these are do ra me fa sol la si (or ti) and do.

to indicate a note a half step higher or lower then the original note, you would say c # (for a half a step above c) or bb (for half a step below b)