On a 1 v 1 challenge, the last defender makes an attempt to play the ball, fouling the attacker right on the line at the top of the penalty area. you call the foul. do you issue a card? and what is the restart?

Yes, it is a foul, the referee will award the defender with a red card since he is the last man and restart the play by a free-kick.

A free-kick refers to a technique for restarting play in affiliation football, in which a player is permitted to make a take a shot while the defenders are 6 to 7 steps away from the ball. A free-kick can either be an indirect and direct free kick.

c, d, e, f, g, a, b, and c.

sometimes western music will also use solfege. the names of these are do ra me fa sol la si (or ti) and do.

to indicate a note a half step higher or lower then the original note, you would say c # (for a half a step above c) or bb (for half a step below b)