What is the name of the piece above?

That is "ernst, max la horde"

hard bop is an extension of bebop that was kind of interrupted by the cool sounds of west coast jazz. it experienced its revival in the 1990’s.

c, d, e, f, g, a, b, and c.

sometimes western music will also use solfege. the names of these are do ra me fa sol la si (or ti) and do.

to indicate a note a half step higher or lower then the original note, you would say c # (for a half a step above c) or bb (for half a step below b)