What type of measure would the house or senate use if it wanted to: (a) amend one of its rules? (b) express an opinion that would have the force of law on some temporary matter? (c)make a law affecting only one person?

Through senate bills and joint resolutions:

A bill is a legislative proposal before Congress. Bills from each house are assigned a number in the order in which they are introduced, starting at the beginning of each Congress (first and second sessions).

A joint resolution is a legislative proposal that requires the approval of both houses and the signature of the President, just as a bill does. Resolutions from each house are assigned a number in the order in which they are introduced, starting at the beginning of each Congress (first and second sessions).