(1) If you live in a city, you may have seen references to sister cities in other countries and wondered what the designation means—or whether it really matters. (2) In fact, sister-city programs can matter a great deal: when effectively cultivated, they bring people together to create mutually beneficial cultural and economic ties. (3) Sister-city partnerships were developed to foster international cooperation after the Second World War, and they continue to serve this purpose today. (4) Many of the earliest relationships were between cities that had previously been at war. (5) Nevertheless, the English city of Bristol and the German city of Hanover formed a partnership in 1947, with Bristol shipping relief supplies to Hanover and Hanover sending musicians to perform in Bristol. (6) The partnership evolved to include an educational exchange that continues to give English and German students experience in another culture.

(7) Such relationships provide an important complement to diplomacy carried out between governments. (8) Governments can forge alliances between countries, but these acts do not necessarily encourage feelings of closeness between the countries’ citizens. (9) What’s more, as Mary Kane of Sister Cities International notes, “Foreign affairs doesn’t have to be done just by the State Department.” (10) By conveying international relations into people’s lives, sister cities make connections with distant places feel real to citizens.

(11) Although the potential benefits of sister cities are great, they can’t be taken for granted. (12) Without active participation from community groups, local government, and ordinary citizens, the relationships can fall into neglect. (13) But with engagement from community stakeholders, sister-city programs provide a gratifying and profitable connection to the wider world.

(14) Because trust and understanding are essential to business things, the feelings of closeness that connect sister cities can translate into economic benefits. (15) This dynamic is illustrated in the sister-city relationship between Muscatine, Iowa, and Zhengding County in China. (16) In 1985, Xi Jinping visited Muscatine on a research trip to study soybean farming. (17) When Xi later became president of China, his personal connection to Muscatine formed the basis for the sister-city relationship, which in turn led to Chinese investment in Muscatine’s hospitality and tourism industries.

The writer has found several pieces of new information about sister cities. Which of the following would most likely prompt the writer to change the line of reasoning in the passage?

A study by the Barcelona Media Foundation that determined that the closeness of sister-city relationships did not diminish with geographical distance
A

A survey of Australian and Japanese participants in sister-city programs that found that respondents could be frustrated when their expectations of the program were not shared by people from their sister city
B

A news article that reports how the sister-city partnership between Charleston, South Carolina, and Spoleto, Italy, has led to the development of an annual Italian festival in Charleston that brings millions of dollars of revenue to businesses in the city
C

A New York Time s article about Xi Jinping visiting Muscatine, Iowa, in 2012 that describes numerous examples of local citizens’ enthusiasm for the attention directed at their city
D

An article in the American Journal of Economics and Sociology that explains how the sister-city relationship between Hastings, New Zealand, and Guilin, China, was proposed by the scientist Don McKenzie, who wanted to encourage the sharing of horticultural research and technology
E