Advanced Placement (AP), 04.09.2020 05:01 cache77

What institutions did Virginia lack, and why?

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Answer: the interval on which the curve is concave up is (-∞, -1/2)====== $\displaystyle y = \int_{0}^x \frac{1}{1 + t + t^2} \; dt$ we find the interval where this curve is concave up by finding the interval in which the 2nd derivative is positive.differentiate the curve equation with respect to x $\begin{aligned} \frac{dy}{dx} & = \frac{d}{dx} \int_{0}^x \frac{1}{1 + t + t^2} \; dt \end{aligned}$ let the function f denote be the anti-derivative of the inside expression, i.e. a function such that $(d/dx)f(x) = 1/(1 + t + t^2)$ .then use the fundamental theorem of calculus: $\begin{aligned} \frac{dy}{dx} & = \frac{d}{dx} \int_{0}^x \frac{1}{1 + t + t^2} \; dt \\& = \frac{d}{dx} \big[ f(x) - f(0) \big] & & \text{\footnotesize apply ftc} \\ & = \frac{d}{dx}f(x) - 0 \\ & = \frac{1}{x + x + x^2} & & \text{\footnotesize since $\frac{d}{dx}f(x) = \frac{1}{1 + x + x^2}$ } \end{aligned}$ differentiate again to get second derivative. we can use chain rule with 1/x as the outside function and 1 + x + x² as the inside function $\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dx} \left( \frac{dy}{dx} \right) & = \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{1}{1 + x + x^2} \right) \\ \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} & = \frac{-1}{\left(1 + x + x^2\right)^2} \cdot \tfrac{d}{dx}(1 + x + x^2) \\ & = \frac{-1}{\left(1 + x + x^2\right)^2} \cdot (1 + 2x) \\ & = \frac{-(1 + 2x)}{\left(1 + x + x^2\right)^2} \end{aligned}$ find critical numbers of the second derivative. these numbers are where the 2nd deriv. is undefined or zero.where the 2nd derivative is zero: set (d²y/dx²) to equal 0 and solve for x $\begin{aligned} 0 & = \frac{-(1 + 2x)}{\left(1 + x + x^2\right)^2} \\ 0 & = -(1+2x) \\ -1 & = 2x \\ x & = -1/2 \end{aligned}$ where the 2nd derivative is undefined: if the denominator is equal to zero, the derivative will be undefeined. attempting to solve the equation 1 + x + x² = 0results in a discriminant of $b^2 - 4ac = 1^2 - 4(1)(1) = -3$ meaning that the equal 1 + x + x² = 0 has no real solutions and therefore will never equal zero.======our only critical number is x = -1/2.this forms two intervals to test the sign for: (-∞, -1/2) and (-1/2, ∞)test values into the 2nd derivative for (-∞, -1/2)if we try x = -1, we get $\begin{aligned} \left.\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\right|_{x = -1} & = \frac{-(1+2(-1))}{\left(1+(-1)+(-1)^2\right)^2} \\ & = \frac{-(1-2)}{1} \\ & = 1 \end{aligned}$ so the since the 2nd derivative of the curve is positive on the interval (-∞, -1/2), the curve is concave up on (-∞, -1/2)test values into the 2nd derivative for (-1/2, ∞)if we try x = 0, we get $\begin{aligned} \left.\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}\right|_{x = 0} & = \frac{-(1+2(0))}{\left(1+(0)+(0)^2\right)^2} \\ & = \frac{-(1)}{1} \\ & = -1 \end{aligned}$ so the since the 2nd derivative of the curve is positive on the interval (-∞, -1/2), the curve is concave down on (-∞, -1/2).the interval on which the curve is concave up is (-∞, -1/2)

Answer from: Quest

Answer the discount rate

Answer from: Quest

Post the graph so people can answer

Answer from: Quest

You need to figure out at which x-value does the graph has a tangent line slope of -1.remember, the derivative is the slope of the tangent line. so find the derivative function and set it to equal -1 to find the x-value that will have a tangent line slope of 0.differentiate with the chain rule. $\begin{aligned} f(x) & = (0.5)^{2x} \\ f'(x) & = 0.5^{2x} \cdot \ln(0.5) \cdot (2x)' \\ f'(x) & = 0.5^{2x} \cdot \ln(0.5) \cdot 2 \\ f'(x) & = 2\ln(0.5) \cdot 0.5^{2x} \end{aligned}$ set the derivative to equal -1 and solve for x. $\begin{aligned} -1 & = 2\ln(0.5) \cdot 0.5^{2x} \\ -\frac{1}{2} & = \ln(0.5) \cdot 0.5^{2x} \\ -\frac{1}{2\ln(0.5)} & = 0.5^{2x} \end{aligned}$ take log base 10 of both sides. also recall that $\log_c(m^n) = n \log_c m$ . $\begin{aligned} \log\left[ -\frac{1}{2\ln(0.5)}\right] & = \log\left[0.5^{2x}\right] \\ \log\left[ -\frac{1}{2\ln(0.5)}\right] & = 2x \log(0.5) \\ \dfrac{\log\left[ -\frac{1}{2\ln(0.5)}\right]}{2\log(0.5)} & = x \\ x & \approx 0.2356 \end{aligned}$ so the x-coord of the point of tangency is $x \approx 0.2356$ .the y-coordinate of this point of tangency can be calculated using the original function: $\begin{aligned} f(x) & = (0.5)^{2x} \\ f(0.2356) & = (0.5)^{2 \cdot 0.2356} \\ & \approx 0.7213 \end{aligned}$ using point-slope form, the equation of the tangent line is $y - 0.7213 = -1(x-0.2356)$ the x-intercept of this tangent line is when the graph is at y=0. $\begin{aligned} 0 - 0.7213 & = -1(x-0.2356)\\ - 0.7213 & = -(x-0.2356) \\ 0.7213 & = x-0.2356\\ x & = 0.9569 \end{aligned}$ this rounds off to $x & = 0.957$ .choice c.

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