According to the book of odds, the probability that a randomly selected us adult usually eats breakfast is 0.61.

a) explain what probability 0.61 means in this setting.

b) why doesn’t this probability say that if 100 us adults are chosen at random, exactly 61 of them usually don’t eat breakfast?

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.